## 17Calculus - Infinite Limits - Limits At Infinity

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This page discusses infinite Limits (or they may be called Limits At Infinity in your textbook) which refers to cases where the variable in question goes off to infinity. In limit notation, they look like $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty }{~f(x)} }$$ or $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \rightarrow -\infty }{~f(x)} }$$ .

If your limit looks like $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \rightarrow c }{~f(x)} }$$ where $$c$$ as a finite number, then you need to go to the finite limits page. (The following panel explains the terminology and how 17calculus defines finite and infinite limits.)

### Finite Limits, Infinite Limits, Limits At Infinity . . . Terminology Explained

The use of the terms finite limits, infinite limits and limits at infinity are used differently in various books and your instructor may have their own idea of what they mean. In this panel, we will try to break down the cases and explain the various ways these terms can be used as well as how we use them here at 17calculus.

When we talk about limits, we are looking at the $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to c}{f(x)} = L }$$. The various terms apply to the description of $$c$$ and $$L$$ and are shown in the table below. The confusion lies with the terms finite limits and infinite limits. They can mean two different things.

$$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to c}{f(x)} = L }$$

when

term(s) used

$$c$$ is finite

limits approaching a finite value or finite limits

$$c$$ is infinite $$\pm \infty$$

limits at infinity or infinite limits

$$L$$ is finite

finite limits

$$L$$ is infinite $$\pm \infty$$

infinite limits

You can see where the confusion lies. The terms finite limits and infinite limits are used to mean two different things, referring to either $$c$$ or $$L$$. It is possible to have $$c = \infty$$ and $$L$$ be finite. So is this an infinite limit or a finite limit? It depends if you are talking about $$c$$ or $$L$$.

How 17calculus Uses These Terms
The pages on this site are constructed based on what $$c$$ is, i.e. we use the terms finite limits and infinite limits based on the value of $$c$$ only ( using the first two rows of the table above and ignoring the last two ). This seems to be the best way since, when we are given a problem, we can't tell what $$L$$ is until we finish the problem, and therefore we are unable to determine what type of problem we have and know what techniques to use until we are done with the problem.

Important: Make sure and check with your instructor to see how they use these terms.

When evaluating $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \pm \infty}{~f(x)} }$$ you need to determine if the graph of the function is leveling off at a value (and, if so, what that value is) or if it is going off to infinity (either $$+\infty$$ or $$-\infty$$). You don't want to try to figure it out off a graph. You need to do it mathematically (from the equation).

This is the main theorem you will use.

Infinite Limits Theorem

$$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \rightarrow \pm \infty}{\left[ \frac{1}{x} \right]} = 0 }$$

You can use the limit laws to apply this theorem to the case when you have $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \frac{a}{x^k}\right]} }$$ where $$k$$ is a positive rational number and $$a$$ is a real number. Here is an example. Try it on your own before looking at the solution.

Example

Evaluate $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{3}{x^2}} }$$.

Solution

$$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{3}{x^2}} = 3\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{1}{x^2}} }$$

Constant Multiple Rule

$$\displaystyle{ 3\left[ \lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{1}{x}} \right] \left[ \lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{1}{x}}\right] }$$

Multiplication Rule

$$\displaystyle{ 3(0)(0) = 0 }$$

Infinite Limits Theorem

$$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{3}{x^2}} = 0 }$$

Practice

Unless otherwise instructed, evaluate these limits, giving your answers in exact terms.

Basic

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{(x^4+7x^2+3)}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{(x^4+7x^2+3)}}$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{(x^4+7x^2+3)}=\infty}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{(x^4+7x^2+3)}}$$

Solution

Direct substitution yields

$$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{(x^4 + 7x^2 + 3)} = \infty + \infty + 3 = \infty }$$

This form is determinate.

Note: Some textbooks and websites will give the answer as DNE (Does Not Exist). However, according to the discusson about whether a limit exists or not, strictly this is not correct. Read your textbook carefully and ask your instructor what they expect (and make sure you understand why they expect a certain answer).

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{(x^4+7x^2+3)}=\infty}$$

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{(x^5-3x^2+x-21)}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{(x^5-3x^2+x-21)}}$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{(x^5-3x^2+x-21)}=\infty}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{(x^5-3x^2+x-21)}}$$

Solution

Direct substitution yields $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{(x^5 - 3x^2 + x - 21)} = \infty - \infty + \infty - 21 }$$
This is indeterminate because of the $$\infty - \infty$$. So we need to do some algebra to see if we can get a determinate form. There are several ways to do this. In this case, we will factor out the highest power of x to get $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{(x^5 - 3x^2 + x - 21)} = }$$ $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ x^5( 1 - 3/x^3 + 1/x^4 - 21/x^5)\right]} }$$

 We know from the Infinite Limits Theorem that $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{1/x^3} = 0 }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{1/x^4} = 0 }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{1/x^5} = 0 }$$ That leaves us with $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ x^5( 1 - 3/x^3 + 1/x^4 - 21/x^5)\right]} }$$ $$\infty(1 - 0 + 0 - 0)$$ $$(\infty)(1) = \infty$$

Note: Some textbooks and websites will give the answer as DNE (Does Not Exist). However, according to the discusson about whether a limit exists or not, strictly this is not correct. Read your textbook carefully and ask your instructor what they expect (make sure you understand why they expect what they do).

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{(x^5-3x^2+x-21)}=\infty}$$

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{3x^2+5x+4}{x^3+7x}}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{3x^2+5x+4}{x^3+7x}}}$$

Solution

### 1053 video

video by PatrickJMT

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\left[\frac{x+5}{3x+7}\right]}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\left[\frac{x+5}{3x+7}\right]}}$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\left[\frac{x+5}{3x+7}\right]}=1/3}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\left[\frac{x+5}{3x+7}\right]}}$$

Solution

Direct substitution yields $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to -\infty}{\left[ \frac{x+5}{3x+7} \right]} = \frac{-\infty}{-\infty}}$$

This is indeterminate. There are a couple of ways to work this. We will use algebra and the Infinite Limits Theorem here. (L'Hôpital's Rule would work here also.) To do this, we divide the numerator and denominator by the highest power of $$x$$, in this case, $$x^1$$.

$$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to -\infty}{\left[ \left(\frac{x+5}{3x+7} \right) \cdot \frac{1/x}{1/x} \right]} = }$$ $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x \to -\infty}{\left[ \frac{1+5/x}{3+7/x} \right]} = \frac{1+0}{3+0} = 1/3 }$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\left[\frac{x+5}{3x+7}\right]}=1/3}$$

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\frac{7}{x^3-16}}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\frac{7}{x^3-16}}}$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\frac{7}{x^3-16}}=0}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\frac{7}{x^3-16}}}$$

Solution

Using direct substitution, we get $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to -\infty}{\left[ \frac{7}{x^3-16}\right]} = \frac{7}{-\infty} = 0 }$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\frac{7}{x^3-16}}=0}$$

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\frac{x^4+x}{5x^3+7}}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\frac{x^4+x}{5x^3+7}}}$$

Solution

### 1056 video

video by PatrickJMT

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\left[x-\sqrt{x^2+9}\right]}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\left[x-\sqrt{x^2+9}\right]}}$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\left[x-\sqrt{x^2+9}\right]}=-\infty}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\left[x-\sqrt{x^2+9}\right]}}$$

Solution

Direct substitution yields $$-\infty - \infty = -\infty$$ which is determinate.

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\left[x-\sqrt{x^2+9}\right]}=-\infty}$$

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{(3x^3-17x^2)}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{(3x^3-17x^2)}}$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{(3x^3-17x^2)}=\infty}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{(3x^3-17x^2)}}$$

Solution

Direct substitution yields $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{( 3x^3-17x^2 )} = \infty - \infty }$$, which is indeterminate. So we need to do some algebra.

$$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{( 3x^3-17x^2 )} = }$$ $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x \to \infty}{[(x^2)(3x-17)]} = (\infty)(\infty) = \infty }$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{(3x^3-17x^2)}=\infty}$$

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{3}{x^2+5}}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{3}{x^2+5}}}$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{3}{x^2+5}}=0}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{3}{x^2+5}}}$$

Solution

Using direct substitution, we get $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \frac{3}{x^2+5}\right]} = \frac{3}{\infty} = 0 }$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{3}{x^2+5}}=0}$$

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\left[\frac{7x^3+x+12}{2x^3-5x}\right]}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\left[\frac{7x^3+x+12}{2x^3-5x}\right]}}$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\left[\frac{7x^3+x+12}{2x^3-5x}\right]}=7/2}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\left[\frac{7x^3+x+12}{2x^3-5x}\right]}}$$

Solution

Direct substitution yields $$\infty - \infty$$ in the denominator, which is indeterminate. So we need to make some changes. Let's divide the numerator and denominator by the highest power of x, which in this case is $$x^3$$.
$$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \frac{7x^3 + x + 12}{2x^3 - 5x} \cdot \frac{1/x^3}{1/x^3}\right]} = }$$ $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \frac{7 + 1/x^2 + 12/x^3}{2 - 5/x^2} \right]} = }$$ $$\displaystyle{\frac{7 + 0 + 0}{2 - 0} = 7/2 }$$
In the last step, we used the Infinite Limits Theorem.

Note: If you know L'Hôpital's Rule, you could have used it here, which would have been easier.

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\left[\frac{7x^3+x+12}{2x^3-5x}\right]}=7/2}$$

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$$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \frac{7x^2 - 3x + 12}{x^3 + 4x + 127} \right]} }$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \frac{7x^2 - 3x + 12}{x^3 + 4x + 127} \right]} }$$

$$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \frac{7x^2 - 3x + 12}{x^3 + 4x + 127} \right]}=0 }$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \frac{7x^2 - 3x + 12}{x^3 + 4x + 127} \right]} }$$

Solution

Direct substitution yields $$\infty - \infty$$ in the numerator, which is indeterminate. Let's divide the numerator and denominator by the highest power of x, in this case $$x^3$$.

 $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \frac{(7x^2 - 3x + 12)}{(x^3 + 4x + 127)} \cdot \frac{1/x^3}{1/x^3} \right]} }$$ Use the Infinite Limits Theorem. $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \frac{7/x - 3/x^2 + 12/x^3}{1 + 4/x^2 + 127/x^3} \right]} = 0/1 = 0 }$$

Note: We could have used L'Hôpital's Rule, which would have been easier.

$$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \frac{7x^2 - 3x + 12}{x^3 + 4x + 127} \right]}=0 }$$

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\left[\frac{7x^2+x+21}{11-x}\right]}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\left[\frac{7x^2+x+21}{11-x}\right]}}$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\left[\frac{7x^2+x+21}{11-x}\right]}=+\infty}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\left[\frac{7x^2+x+21}{11-x}\right]}}$$

Solution

Direct substitution yields $$\infty - \infty$$ in the numerator which is indeterminate. So let's divide the numerator and denominator by the highest power, which is $$x^2$$.

 $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to -\infty}{\left[ \frac{(7x^2 + x + 21)}{(11-x)} \cdot \frac{1/x^2}{1/x^2}\right]} }$$ Use the Infinite Limits Theorem $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x \to -\infty}{\left[ \frac{7 + 1/x + 21/x^2}{11/x^2-1/x} \right]} = 7/0 = \infty }$$

Now, the tendency here is to stop and say the answer is $$+\infty$$. But since x goes to $$-\infty$$, we need to stop and take the negative sign into account. In this case, since we divided the numerator and denominator by $$x^2$$ which is always positive, then the sign doesn't change. However, if the highest power would have been odd, the sign would have changed on both the numerator and denominator leaving the limit $$-\infty$$.

Note: We could have used L'Hôpital's Rule, which would have been easier.

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\left[\frac{7x^2+x+21}{11-x}\right]}=+\infty}$$

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$$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{4x^{10}+10000x^9}{5x^{10}+4}} }$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{4x^{10}+10000x^9}{5x^{10}+4}} }$$

Solution

### 1063 video

video by PatrickJMT

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{3x^7}{5x^8+10x+2}}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{3x^7}{5x^8+10x+2}}}$$

Solution

### 1064 video

video by PatrickJMT

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{x^4}{x^3+5}}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{x^4}{x^3+5}}}$$

Solution

### 1065 video

video by PatrickJMT

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Intermediate

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{x+3}{\sqrt{x^2+4}}}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{x+3}{\sqrt{x^2+4}}}}$$

Solution

### 1045 video

video by PatrickJMT

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\pm\infty}{\frac{3x^4+5x}{2x^4-3x^3+10}}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\pm\infty}{\frac{3x^4+5x}{2x^4-3x^3+10}}}$$

Solution

### 1046 video

video by PatrickJMT

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\arctan(x)}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\arctan(x)}}$$

$$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\arctan(x)} = \pi/2 }$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\arctan(x)}}$$

Solution

The question was to determine the limit $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\arctan(x)} }$$.
Now, without studying this, I wouldn't know off the top of my head what this limit is or if it even existed. In fact, the technique to determine this is a little unusual. So, I am going to take you step-by-step through a procedure that you need to start doing as you work through problems.

The first question I asked myself was, what technique that I already know, can I use to determine this? Well, I could graph it and get an idea of an answer. If you graph this, it looks like the graph is leveling off to the right and that a limit might be about 1.5. However, we can't tell if it is just rising very slowly or if a limit does actually exist. We need to find an exact answer.
Whenever I have an inverse trig function, one technique I try is to convert to regular trig functions since I am much more familiar with them. So we have
\displaystyle{ \begin{align} \theta &= \arctan(x) \\ \tan( \theta ) &= x \\ \frac{\sin( \theta)}{\cos( \theta)} &= x \end{align} }
It's a good idea to use $$\theta$$ (or another Greek letter) to remind yourself that inverse trig functions return angles. Also remember for inverse trig functions to make sense, we must restrict the domain of the corresponding trig function. For this case, we restrict the domain of the tangent function to $$-\pi/2 < \theta < \pi/2$$. [This is something you need to keep in mind whenever you work with inverse trig functions.]

So now we have enough information to determine the limit. The last equation is $$\displaystyle{ x=\frac{\sin( \theta )}{\cos( \theta )} }$$ and we know that $$x \to \infty$$. So we need to know the angle that would cause x to go off to infinity. Do you see it now? It would be $$\theta=\pi/2$$ since the numerator is 1 and the denominator is zero. (Why not $$\theta=-\pi/2$$?)
Therefore our limit is $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\arctan(x)} = \pi/2. }$$

$$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\arctan(x)} = \pi/2 }$$

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\left[x-\sqrt{x^2+9}\right]}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\left[x-\sqrt{x^2+9}\right]}}$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\left[x-\sqrt{x^2+9}\right]}=0}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\left[x-\sqrt{x^2+9}\right]}}$$

Solution

Direct substitution yields $$\infty - \infty$$ which is indeterminate. The technique we will use here is called rationalizing. We multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of $$x - \sqrt{x^2+9}$$. The conjugate is the same expression with one of the signs changed (it doesn't matter which sign).

 $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ (x - \sqrt{x^2+9}) \frac{(x + \sqrt{x^2+9})}{(x + \sqrt{x^2+9})} \right]} }$$ $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \frac{(x - \sqrt{x^2+9})(x+\sqrt{x^2+9})}{x + \sqrt{x^2+9}} \right]}}$$ $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \frac{x^2 + x\sqrt{x^2+9} - x\sqrt{x^2+9} - (x^2+9)}{x + \sqrt{x^2+9}} \right]} }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \frac{x^2 - (x^2+9)}{x + \sqrt{x^2+9}} \right]} }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \frac{ -9}{x + \sqrt{x^2+9}} \right]} }$$

Now if we use direct substitution, we get $$-9/\infty = 0$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\left[x-\sqrt{x^2+9}\right]}=0}$$

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\sqrt{\frac{x^3+3x}{4x^3+7}}}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\sqrt{\frac{x^3+3x}{4x^3+7}}}}$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\sqrt{\frac{x^3+3x}{4x^3+7}}}=1/2}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\sqrt{\frac{x^3+3x}{4x^3+7}}}}$$

Solution

Direct substitution yields $$\infty / \infty$$ which is indeterminate. So we need to use some algebra. Let's divide the numerator and denominator by the highest power of x, in this case $$x^{3/2}$$.

 $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\left[ \sqrt{ \frac{x^3 + 3x}{4x^3+7} } \cdot \frac{x^{3/2}}{x^{3/2}}\right]} }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\sqrt{ \frac{(x^3 + 3x)}{(4x^3+7)} \cdot \frac{x^3}{x^3} }} }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{\sqrt{ \frac{(1 + 3/x^2)}{(4+7/x^3)} }} }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \sqrt{ \lim_{x \to \infty}{ \frac{(1 + 3/x^2)}{(4+7/x^3)} } } }$$ Use the Infinite Limits Theorem $$\displaystyle{ \sqrt{ \frac{1}{4} } = 1/2 }$$

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\sqrt{\frac{x^3+3x}{4x^3+7}}}=1/2}$$

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\left[\sqrt{x^2+4x+1}-x\right]}}$$

Problem Statement

$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty}{\left[\sqrt{x^2+4x+1}-x\right]}}$$

Solution

### 1047 video

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$$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\frac{x^3}{\sqrt{x^6+4}}}}$$

Problem Statement

Evaluate this limit, giving your answer in exact terms. $$\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to-\infty}{\frac{x^3}{\sqrt{x^6+4}}}}$$

Solution

### 1044 video

video by PatrickJMT

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### infinite limits 17calculus youtube playlist

You CAN Ace Calculus

 basics of limits finite limits

WikiBooks - Calculus/Infinite Limits

### Trig Formulas

The Unit Circle

The Unit Circle [wikipedia]

Basic Trig Identities

Set 1 - basic identities

$$\displaystyle{ \tan(t) = \frac{\sin(t)}{\cos(t)} }$$

$$\displaystyle{ \cot(t) = \frac{\cos(t)}{\sin(t)} }$$

$$\displaystyle{ \sec(t) = \frac{1}{\cos(t)} }$$

$$\displaystyle{ \csc(t) = \frac{1}{\sin(t)} }$$

Set 2 - squared identities

$$\sin^2t + \cos^2t = 1$$

$$1 + \tan^2t = \sec^2t$$

$$1 + \cot^2t = \csc^2t$$

Set 3 - double-angle formulas

$$\sin(2t) = 2\sin(t)\cos(t)$$

$$\displaystyle{ \cos(2t) = \cos^2(t) - \sin^2(t) }$$

Set 4 - half-angle formulas

$$\displaystyle{ \sin^2(t) = \frac{1-\cos(2t)}{2} }$$

$$\displaystyle{ \cos^2(t) = \frac{1+\cos(2t)}{2} }$$

Trig Derivatives

 $$\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\sin(t)]}{dt} = \cos(t) }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\cos(t)]}{dt} = -\sin(t) }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\tan(t)]}{dt} = \sec^2(t) }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\cot(t)]}{dt} = -\csc^2(t) }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\sec(t)]}{dt} = \sec(t)\tan(t) }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\csc(t)]}{dt} = -\csc(t)\cot(t) }$$

Inverse Trig Derivatives

 $$\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\arcsin(t)]}{dt} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-t^2}} }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\arccos(t)]}{dt} = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-t^2}} }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\arctan(t)]}{dt} = \frac{1}{1+t^2} }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\arccot(t)]}{dt} = -\frac{1}{1+t^2} }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\arcsec(t)]}{dt} = \frac{1}{\abs{t}\sqrt{t^2 -1}} }$$ $$\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\arccsc(t)]}{dt} = -\frac{1}{\abs{t}\sqrt{t^2 -1}} }$$

Trig Integrals

 $$\int{\sin(x)~dx} = -\cos(x)+C$$ $$\int{\cos(x)~dx} = \sin(x)+C$$ $$\int{\tan(x)~dx} = -\ln\abs{\cos(x)}+C$$ $$\int{\cot(x)~dx} = \ln\abs{\sin(x)}+C$$ $$\int{\sec(x)~dx} =$$ $$\ln\abs{\sec(x)+\tan(x)}+C$$ $$\int{\csc(x)~dx} =$$ $$-\ln\abs{\csc(x)+\cot(x)}+C$$

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Single Variable Calculus

Multi-Variable Calculus

Differential Equations

Precalculus

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