17Calculus Infinite Series - Radius and Interval of Convergence for Power and Taylor Series
In order to have a complete picture of what is going on with a power series (and Taylor series, since Taylor series is a special case of power series), we need to know the radius and interval of convergence. This is analogous to knowing the domain of a function.
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Difference Between Radius and Interval of Convergence
The difference between the radius of convergence and the interval of convergence lies in what information we have about the endpoints.
radius of convergence |
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gives convergence information only between x-values, not AT the x-values |
Example: if \((5,7)\) is the radius of convergence |
the series converges for \(5 < x < 7\) |
says nothing about the endpoints |
interval of convergence |
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gives convergence information inside the interval AND convergence/divergence information at the endpoints |
Example: if \((5,7)\) is the interval of convergence |
the series converges for \(5 < x < 7\) AND we know that the series diverges at \(x = 5\) and \(x = 7\) |
contains the same information as the radius of convergence as well as what is going on at the endpoints |
The interval of convergence is sometimes called the convergence set. |
Once the Taylor series or power series is calculated, we use the ratio test to determine the radius convergence and other tests to determine the interval of convergence. Without knowing the radius and interval of convergence, the series is not considered a complete function (This is similar to not knowing the domain of a function. As we say in the page on domain and range, a fully defined function always contains information about the domain, either implicitly or explicitly stated.) In this case, we can't leave off information about where the series converges because the series may not hold for all values of \(x\).
Using The Ratio Test
The ratio test looks like this. We have a series \( \sum{a_n} \) with non-zero terms. We calculate the limit
\( \displaystyle{\lim_{n \to \infty}{\left| \frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} \right|} = L} \).
There are three possible cases for the value \(L\).
\( L < 1 \): The series converges absolutely.
\( L = 1 \): The ratio test is inconclusive.
\( L > 1 \): The series diverges.
So we use the first case (\( L < 1 \), since we want convergence) and we set up the inequality
\( \displaystyle{\lim_{n \to \infty}{\left| \frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} \right|} < 1} ~~~~~ [ 1 ]\)
Key: Do not drop the absolute values.
Radius of Convergence
To find the radius of convergence, we need to simplify the inequality [1] to the point that we have
\( \left| x-a \right| < R \). This gives the radius of convergence as \(R\). This seems very simple but you need to be careful of the notation and wording your textbooks. Some textbooks use a small \(r\). Some textbooks ask for the ratio of convergence in which case you need to give the answer as \( \rho = 1/R \). This has always seemed kind of strange to me but there must be some reason for it. However, on this site, whenever we talk about the radius of convergence in this context, we will use \(R\) as defined above.
There are three possible cases for the radius of convergence.
\(R = 0\) |
series converges only at the point \(x = a\) |
\( 0 < R < \infty \) |
series converges within the interval |
\(R = \infty \) |
series converges for all \(x\) |
The interesting thing is that we have a strict inequality in \( 0 < R < \infty \) and, because of the definition of the ratio test, we have no idea what happens when \( \left| x-a \right| = R \). The series could converge or diverge. The ratio test doesn't give us a clue on what happens in that case. That's where we need to find the interval of convergence, which we discuss next.
Interval of Convergence
We use the radius of convergence, \(R\), to calculate the interval of convergence as follows
\(\begin{array}{rcccl}
& & \left| x-a \right| & < & R \\
-R & < & x-a & < & R \\
-R + a & < & x & < & R + a
\end{array}\)
So now we have an open interval \( (-R+a, R+a) \) in which the series converges. Now we need to look at the endpoints to determine what goes on. To do that we substitute each endpoint individually for \(x\) into the series and then use the other series test to determine convergence or divergence.
Notice when we substitute \(x=-R+a\) into the \((x-a)^n\) term, we end up with \((-R)^n\) which can be simplified to \((-1)^n R^n\). Now we have an alternating series. So often, the alternating series test can be used to determine convergence or divergence. The point is that, using other tests, we need to definitively determine convergence or divergence at each endpoint. The result will be an open interval, a half-open interval or a closed interval. We call this interval, the interval of convergence.
Notice the difference between the terms radius of convergence and interval of convergence. The radius of convergence gives information about the open interval but says nothing about the endpoints. The interval of convergence includes the radius of convergence AND information about convergence or divergence of the endpoints.
Here is a video clip that explains how to show that a series converges for all x.
Dr Chris Tisdell - What is a Taylor series?
video by Dr Chris Tisdell |
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Sometimes you are given the interval of convergence and asked to determine the radius convergence. Here is a short video explaining how to do that.
PatrickJMT - Radius of Convergence for a Power Series
video by PatrickJMT |
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Practice
Unless otherwise instructed, determine the radius and interval of convergence for each series.
Basic |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}{ \frac{x^n}{n!} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}{ \frac{x^n}{n!} } }\).
Solution |
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In this video, he writes the geometric series in a little different form than we use. He writes it as \( \sum{c_n(x-a)^n} \).
293 video
video by Dr Chris Tisdell |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{(-1)^n}{n} (x-5)^n } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{(-1)^n}{n} (x-5)^n } }\).
Solution |
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In this video, he writes the geometric series in a little different form than we use. He writes it as \( \sum{ c_n(x-a)^n } \).
294 video
video by Dr Chris Tisdell |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ nx^n } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ nx^n } }\).
Solution |
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In this video, he writes the geometric series in a little different form than we use. He writes it as \( \sum{ c_n (x-a)^n } \).
295 video
video by Dr Chris Tisdell |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{x^n}{\sqrt{n}} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{x^n}{\sqrt{n}} } }\).
Solution |
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316 video
video by PatrickJMT |
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\(\displaystyle{ e^{x^2} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}{ \frac{x^{2n}}{n!} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ e^{x^2} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}{ \frac{x^{2n}}{n!} } }\).
Solution |
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317 video
video by PatrickJMT |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}{ n^3 (x-5)^n } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}{ n^3 (x-5)^n } }\).
Solution |
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344 video
video by PatrickJMT |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum{ \left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^n } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum{ \left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^n } }\).
Solution |
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345 video
video by MIT OCW |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum{ \frac{x^n}{n~2^n} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum{ \frac{x^n}{n~2^n} } }\).
Solution |
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346 video
video by MIT OCW |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum{ \frac{x^{2n}}{(2n)!} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum{ \frac{x^{2n}}{(2n)!} } }\).
Solution |
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347 video
video by MIT OCW |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ (-1)^n n x^n } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ (-1)^n n x^n } }\).
Solution |
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348 video
video by MIP4U |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{(-1)^n x^n}{n} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{(-1)^n x^n}{n} } }\).
Solution |
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349 video
video by MIP4U |
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\( \displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{(x+1)^{2n}}{n!} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \( \displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{(x+1)^{2n}}{n!} } }\).
Solution |
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351 video
video by MIP4U |
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\( \displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{5^n x^n}{n!} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \( \displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{5^n x^n}{n!} } }\).
Solution |
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374 video
video by Krista King Math |
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\( \displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{x^n 2^n}{n!} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \( \displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{x^n 2^n}{n!} } }\).
Solution |
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376 video
video by PatrickJMT |
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\( \cos(x^2) \)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence of the Maclaurin series for \( \cos(x^2) \).
Solution |
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1364 video
video by Krista King Math |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{k=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{x^k}{3^kk^2} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{k=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{x^k}{3^kk^2} } }\).
Solution |
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2000 video
video by Dr Chris Tisdell |
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Intermediate |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{(x-2)^n}{(n+1)3^n} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{(x-2)^n}{(n+1)3^n} } }\).
Solution |
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350 video
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\( \displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{(x-4)^n}{\sqrt[3]{n}} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \( \displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{(x-4)^n}{\sqrt[3]{n}} } }\).
Solution |
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373 video
video by Krista King Math |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{n^3 (x+5)^n}{6^n} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{n^3 (x+5)^n}{6^n} } }\).
Solution |
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375 video
video by PatrickJMT |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}{ \frac{(x+2)^n}{n+3} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}{ \frac{(x+2)^n}{n+3} } }\).
Solution |
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377 video
video by PatrickJMT |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{x^n 5^n}{n^n} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{x^n 5^n}{n^n} } }\).
Solution |
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378 video
video by PatrickJMT |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{(x-2)^n}{\ln(n+4)} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{(x-2)^n}{\ln(n+4)} } }\).
Solution |
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379 video
video by PatrickJMT |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{(x+3)^n}{n^2+2n} } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{(x+3)^n}{n^2+2n} } }\).
Solution |
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380 video
video by PatrickJMT |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{ (-1)^n (x+1)^n }{ 5^n \sqrt{n} } } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{ (-1)^n (x+1)^n }{ 5^n \sqrt{n} } } }\).
Solution |
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381 video
video by PatrickJMT |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{ (-1)^n (x+2)^n }{ (n+1)\ln(n+1) } } }\)
Problem Statement |
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Determine the radius and interval of convergence for the series \(\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{ \frac{ (-1)^n (x+2)^n }{ (n+1)\ln(n+1) } } }\).
Solution |
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382 video
video by PatrickJMT |
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You CAN Ace Calculus
Topics You Need To Understand For This Page
Related Topics and Links
external links you may find helpful |
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Trig Formulas
The Unit Circle
The Unit Circle [wikipedia]
Basic Trig Identities
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Set 1 - basic identities | |||
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\(\displaystyle{ \tan(t) = \frac{\sin(t)}{\cos(t)} }\) |
\(\displaystyle{ \cot(t) = \frac{\cos(t)}{\sin(t)} }\) |
\(\displaystyle{ \sec(t) = \frac{1}{\cos(t)} }\) |
\(\displaystyle{ \csc(t) = \frac{1}{\sin(t)} }\) |
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Set 2 - squared identities | ||
|---|---|---|
\( \sin^2t + \cos^2t = 1\) |
\( 1 + \tan^2t = \sec^2t\) |
\( 1 + \cot^2t = \csc^2t\) |
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Set 3 - double-angle formulas | |
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\( \sin(2t) = 2\sin(t)\cos(t)\) |
\(\displaystyle{ \cos(2t) = \cos^2(t) - \sin^2(t) }\) |
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Set 4 - half-angle formulas | |
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\(\displaystyle{ \sin^2(t) = \frac{1-\cos(2t)}{2} }\) |
\(\displaystyle{ \cos^2(t) = \frac{1+\cos(2t)}{2} }\) |
Trig Derivatives
\(\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\sin(t)]}{dt} = \cos(t) }\) |
\(\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\cos(t)]}{dt} = -\sin(t) }\) | |
\(\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\tan(t)]}{dt} = \sec^2(t) }\) |
\(\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\cot(t)]}{dt} = -\csc^2(t) }\) | |
\(\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\sec(t)]}{dt} = \sec(t)\tan(t) }\) |
\(\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\csc(t)]}{dt} = -\csc(t)\cot(t) }\) |
Inverse Trig Derivatives
\(\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\arcsin(t)]}{dt} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-t^2}} }\) |
\(\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\arccos(t)]}{dt} = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-t^2}} }\) | |
\(\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\arctan(t)]}{dt} = \frac{1}{1+t^2} }\) |
\(\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\arccot(t)]}{dt} = -\frac{1}{1+t^2} }\) | |
\(\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\arcsec(t)]}{dt} = \frac{1}{\abs{t}\sqrt{t^2 -1}} }\) |
\(\displaystyle{ \frac{d[\arccsc(t)]}{dt} = -\frac{1}{\abs{t}\sqrt{t^2 -1}} }\) |
Trig Integrals
\(\int{\sin(x)~dx} = -\cos(x)+C\) |
\(\int{\cos(x)~dx} = \sin(x)+C\) | |
\(\int{\tan(x)~dx} = -\ln\abs{\cos(x)}+C\) |
\(\int{\cot(x)~dx} = \ln\abs{\sin(x)}+C\) | |
\(\int{\sec(x)~dx} = \) \( \ln\abs{\sec(x)+\tan(x)}+C\) |
\(\int{\csc(x)~dx} = \) \( -\ln\abs{\csc(x)+\cot(x)}+C\) |
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Practice Instructions
Unless otherwise instructed, determine the radius and interval of convergence for each series.
